Estado actual de la infección focal y del éxito del tratamiento endodóntico / Current status of focal infection and the success of endodontic treatment

Frente a la difusión en medios de comunicación de medias verdades con enunciados alarmantes y anticientíficos, este editorial busca revisar las bases científicas para determinar el comportamiento clínico. Así, el texto discurre por el concepto de infección focal desde su origen, yendo al encuentro de sus transformaciones conceptuales a través de los descubrimien- tos científicos, teniendo en cuenta las características emocio- nales propias de cada paciente como un todo y los peligros a los que se puede estar expuestos frente a las medias verdades (AU)

Facing the diffusion of alarming and anti-scientific state- ments in the media, this editorial seeks the scientific bases to determine the clinical behavior. Thus, the text runs through the concept of focal infection from its origin and across its conceptual transformations through scientific discoveries, by considering the emotional characteristics of each patient as a whole and the dangers to which they may be exposed in the face of half-truths (AU)

Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos en pacientes con abscesos odontogénicos cervicofaciales y factores asociados para estancia hospitalaria corta / Clinical-epidemiological aspects in patients with cervicofacial odontogenic abscesses and associated factors for short hospital stay

Introducción: en todo paciente hospitalizado con absceso odontogénico cervicofacial se busca resolución pronta del absceso, pero es necesario conocer cuáles son los factores que favorecen la resolución en hospitalizaciones cortas (1-3 días). Objetivo: determinar factores clínico-epidemiológicos de pacientes con abscesos odontogénicos para identificar factores que correlacionan con hospitalización corta. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, retrospectivo, observacional y analítico de 100 pacientes con abscesos odontogénicos en un Hospital General de Zona del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social de los años 2012-2013. Variables de estudio: días de hospitalización, sexo, edad, comorbilidades, conteo leucocitario, trismus, diente causal, región afectada y tratamientos realizados. Tamaño de muestra obtenido con fórmula para estudios observaciones con manejo de prevalencias para poblaciones infinitas, se empleó χ2 para identificar factores que correlacionan con hospitalización corta. Resultados: mujeres 56%, rango de edad 12-89 años y de hospitalización de 1-23 días; con comorbilidades 56%, leucocitosis 39% y trismus 21%. La caries causó 64% de abscesos, molares inferiores 70% y región submandibular afectada 73%. Variables estadísticamente significativas; conteo leucocitario, diente causal y región afectada. Conclusión: factores correlacionados con hospitalización corta: conteo leucocitario menor a 10,500 leucocitos, que el molar inferior no sea el diente causal y que la región submandibular no esté afectada (AU)

Introduction: prompt resolution of the abscess is sought in all patients hospitalized with cervicofacial odontogenic abscess, but which factors favor this resolution in short hospitalizations (1-3 days). Objective: determine clinical-epidemiological factors of patients with odontogenic abscesses to identify factors that correlate with short hospitalization. Material and methods: crosssectional, retrospective, observational and analytical study of 100 patients with odontogenic abscesses in a General Hospital of the Zone of the Mexican Social Security Institute from 2012-2013. Study variables; days of hospitalization, sex, age, comorbidities, leukocyte count, trismus, causative tooth, affected region and treatments performed. Sample size obtained with the formula for observational studies with prevalence management for infinite populations, χ2 was used to identify factors that correlate with short hospitalization. Results: women 56%, age range 12-89 years and hospitalization of 1-23 days, with comorbidities 56%, leukocytosis 39% and trismus 21%. Caries caused 64% of abscesses, lower molars 70% and affected submandibular region 73%. Statistically significant variables; leukocyte count, causative tooth and affected region. Conclusion: factors correlated with short hospitalization; leukocyte count less than 10,500 leukocytes, that the lower molar is not the causal tooth and that the submandibular region is not affected.

Lesiones perirradiculares persistentes: revisión narrativa / Persistent periradicular lesions: a narrative review

La persistencia de lesiones perirradiculares luego del tra- tamiento endodóntico es un problema que requiere del clínico un conocimiento cabal de la histofisiología y de la histopato- logía del sistema de conductos radiculares del tejido pulpar y de los tejidos perirradiculares (periodonto y hueso); además de considerar siempre la posible existencia de enfermedades sistémicas que también pueden actuar como factores de in- fluencia. La presencia de bacterias remanentes a posteriori del tratamiento es considerada como una de las causas principales y más frecuentes para la perpetuación de las lesiones perirra- diculares. Sin embargo, existen otros factores causales, como la existencia de conductos laterales o accesorios infectados y no tratados, la reabsorción dentinaria interna, intercomunica- ciones, cul-de-sacs o istmos; que representan áreas de difícil acceso durante la instrumentación e irrigación. Cuando la cau- sa original se localiza en la zona perirradicular, como en los casos de actinomicosis, reacciones a cuerpo extraño, cristales de colesterol (CRCo) y granulomas o quistes con alto conte- nido de CRCo, la indicación más adecuada es el retratamiento y la cirugía periapical como complemento (AU)

The persistence of periradicular lesions after endodontic treatment is a problem that requires the doctor to have a thor- ough knowledge of the histophysiology and histopathology of the root canal system, the pulp tissue and periradicular tis- sues (periodontium and bone); as well as always considering the possible existence of systemic alterations that can also be influencing factors. Persisting bacteria within the root canal system after treatment is one of the major and most frequent causes for the perpetuation of periradicular lesions. Howev- er, there are other possible causal factors such as the exist- ence of untreated lateral or accessory canals, internal dentin resorption, intercommunications, cul-de-sacs or isthmuses; areas that represent a difficulty in access during instrumen- tation and irrigation. If the original cause is located in the periradicular area, in cases like actinomycosis, foreign-body reactions, cholesterol crystals (CRCo) and granulomas or cysts with high content of CRCo, retreatment coupled with periapical surgery is the best approach to treatment (AU)

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las fístulas cutáneas odontogénicas: revisión sistemática / Diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts: a systematic review

Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica en relación con las variantes de tratamien-to que recibieron las piezas dentarias permanentes asociadas a la presencia de una fístula cutánea. Se incluyeron reportes de casos clínicos en inglés, pu-blicados en los últimos diez años. Se obtuvieron 481 artículos, 359 excluidos por escasez de datos en títu-lo e incumplimiento de criterios de selección. Se ex-cluyeron 89 por carecer de tratamiento. Se incluye-ron 33 artículos. Se analizaron fístulas de 45 piezas dentarias, superiores e inferiores, anteriores y pos-teriores. En base a los resultados obtenidos se llegó a la conclusión de que las fístulas cutáneas faciales de origen odontogénico se diagnostican de manera errónea; esto conduce a un tratamiento inadecuado y secuela estéticas. Realizar un correcto diagnóstico y adecuado plan de tratamiento permite una curación rápida y predecible. Los hallazgos obtenidos estable-cen que realizar un correcto tratamiento endodóntico en la pieza afectada, es la terapéutica adecuada para lograr el cierre definitivo de la fístula, sin necesidad de tratar quirúrgicamente la misma (AU)

A systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out in relation to the variants of treatment received by permanent teeth associated with the presence of a cutaneous sinus tract. Clinical case reports in English, published in the last ten years, were included. A total of 481 articles were obtained, 359 were excluded due to lack of title data and non-compliance with selection criteria. 89 were excluded due to lack of treatment. 33 articles were included Cutaneous sinus tracts of 45 teeth, upper and lower, anterior and posterior, were analyzed. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that facial cutaneous sinus tracts of odontogenic origin are misdiagnosed, leading to inadequate treatment and aesthetic sequelae. Carrying out a correct diagnosis and adequate treatment plan allows a quick and predictable healing. The findings obtained establish that performing a correct endodontic treatment in the affected piece is the appropriate therapy to achieve the definitive closure of the cutaneous sinus tract, without the need to surgically treatment (AU)

Mediastinitis necrotizante descendente de origen odontogénico / Descending necrotizing mediastinitis of odontogenic origin

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento inoportuno e ineficaz de las infecciones odontogénicas puede causar complicaciones potencialmente mortales como la mediastinitis necrotizante descendente (MND). La MDN es una infección grave que afecta al cuello-tórax, con una alta tasa de mortalidad por sepsis e insuficiencia orgánica si no se trata de manera rápida y efectiva. Objetivo: Describir un caso de MND de origen odontogénico y su manejo médico-quirúrgico. Caso clínico: Presentamos un paciente de sexo masculino de 34 años que ingresa con un cuadro infeccioso agudo de origen odontogénico, que compromete espacios de la cabeza, cuello y tórax (mediastino superior), el cual se trata exitosamente. Discusión: Las infecciones odontogénicas son generalmente localizadas y que se pueden tratar mediante terapias convencionales. A pesar de esto, si estas infecciones no pueden controlarse, ya sea por no realización de tratamientos oportunos o por estados inmunosuprimidos del paciente, se pueden desarrollar diferentes complicaciones como la MND. Conclusión: Un diagnóstico rápido, el tratamiento quirúrgico agresivo, la terapia antibiótica adecuada y la atención de apoyo son los pilares fundamentales para el manejo de la MND.

Introduction: Inappropriate and ineffective treatment of odontogenic infections can cause life-threatening complications such as Descending Necrotizing Mediastinitis (MND). MDN is a serious infection that affects the neck-thorax, with a high mortality rate from sepsis and organ failure if it is not treated quickly and effectively. Aim: To describe a case of MND of odontogenic origin and its medical-surgical management. Case report: We present a 34-year-old male patient who is admitted with an acute infectious condition of odontogenic origin, which compromises spaces of the head, neck and thorax (upper mediastinum), which is treated successfully. Discussion: Odontogenic infections are generally localized and can be treated by conventional therapies. In spite of this, if these infections cannot be controlled, either by not carrying out appropriate treatments or by immunosuppressed states of the patient, different complications such as MND can develop. Conclusion: A rapid diagnosis, aggressive surgical treatment, adequate antibiotic therapy and supportive care are the fundamental pillars for the management of MND.

Odontogenic Maxillofacial Infections in a High-level Hospital: Orofacial Pain and Related Conditions

ABSTRACT Objective: Odontogenic infection is a common condition in America; the aim of this research was to determine the profile of odontogenic maxillofacial infections and to identify the link between these and the pain felt by patients admitted to the emergency dental service of the Hernân Henriquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco, Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional, double-blind study analysed 49 individuals admitted for emergency dental care. Included were admissions associated with odontogenic infection identified by clinical examination, establishing a relation to pain through a survey. The diagnosis was made clinically using the fascial spaces involved in the infection, presence of self-medication prior to admission, need for surgical treatment and the patient 's systemic conditions. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared, ANOVA, considering a value of p < 0.05 as significant. Results: The average pain level measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) in emergency admission was 8.1. There was no association between the diagnosis (pulp infection, periodontal infection or pericoronitis) and the VAS (p = 0.078), but there was association between age and the diagnosis (p = 0.022), and the VAS was associated with pain compared to other types of pathologies or traumas (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Odontogenic infection is frequent and linked to age and high-pain values. New public policies should be adopted based on these results. New studies are needed to assess new variables associated with these pathologies.

Mediastinitis necrotizante descendente de origen dental: revisión de la literatura y presentación de un caso / Descending necrotizing mediastinitis of dental origin: a case study and review of the literature

La mediastinitis se define como una inflamación aguda severa de los tejidos conectivos ubicados en la cavidad torácica media, en la que 20% de los casos puede implicar una infección difusa y polimicrobiana del mediastino denominada mediastinitis necrotizante descendente (MND), secundaria a la propagación de una infección grave desde los tejidos bucofaríngeos o cervicales tales como infecciones odontogénicas (de 36 a 47%), faríngeas (de 33 a 45%), cervicales (15%) y otras infecciones de cabeza y cuello (5%). Clínicamente, los pacientes presentan aumento de volumen, temblores, trismus, odinofagia con disnea, disfagia, hipotensión, dolor de cuerpo y del ángulo de la mandíbula. Puede observarse signo de Hamman (crepitación mediastinal con el latido cardiaco) y enfisema subcutáneo. El manejo quirúrgico de las infecciones odontogénicas, sin importar su severidad, consta de dos principios: eliminar el foco etiológico y el vaciamiento quirúrgico de los espacios anatómicos comprometidos con la instalación de un drenaje adecuado. Se presenta el caso de un masculino de 60 años con diagnóstico de mediastinitis necrotizante descendente de origen dental (AU)

Mediastinitis is defined as a severe acute inflammation of the connective tissues affected in the middle thoracic cavity, in which 20% of cases may involve a diffuse and polymicrobial infection of the mediastinum, descending necrotizing mediastinitis (MND), secondary to the spread of a serious infection from the oropharyngeal or cervical tissues, stories such as odontogenic infections (36 to 47%), pharyngeal (33 to 45%), cervical (15%) and other head and neck infections (5%). Clinically, patients present with increased volume, tremors, trismus, odynophagia with dyspnea, dysphagia, hypotension, pain in the body and in the angle of the jaw. Hamman sign (mediastinal crepitus with heartbeat) and subcutaneous emphysema may be observed. The surgical management of odontogenic infections, regardless of their severity, consists of two principles: eliminate the etiological focus and the surgical emptying of the anatomical spaces compromised with the installation of adequate drainage. We present the case of a 60-year-old man diagnosed with descending necrotizing (AU)

Isolated Meningitis and Lacrimal Gland Abscess due to Odontogenic Sinusitis: Case Report / Meningitis Aislada y Absceso de la Glándula Lagrimal debido a Sinusitis Odontogénica: Reporte de un Caso

ABSTRACT: Our objective was report an extremely rare case of isolated meningitis and suppurative dacrioadenitis as consequences of odontogenic sinusitis. We describe the diagnostic tools including imaging and culture, as well as surgical treatment and follow-up. Our final diagnosis was odontogenic sinusitis caused by Streptococcus Anginosus complicated by isolated meningitis and lacrimal gland abscess. Urgent surgical treatment to restore the paranasal sinuses and drainage of the lacrimal gland was performed. Culture from purulent material collected from maxillary sinus indicated the targeted therapy. Clinical assessment and imaging obtained 20 days after surgery demonstrated successful results. This case emphasizes the importance of evaluating intracranial complications of rinosinusitis, the need to search for a dental infection when a maxillary sinusitis is encountered, the key role of a thorough diagnostic workup in order to plan a comprehensive and effective surgical treatment, as well as targeted medical therapy.

RESUMEN: En este estudio se informa un caso extremadamente raro de meningitis aislada y dacrioadenitis supurativa, como consecuencia de sinusitis odontogénica. Describimos las herramientas de diagnóstico que incluyen imágenes y cultivo, como también el tratamiento quirúrgico y el seguimiento. El diagnóstico final fue de sinusitis odontogénica causada por estreptococo anginoso complicado por una meningitis aislada y el absceso de la glándula lagrimal. Se realizó un tratamiento quirúrgico de urgencia para restaurar los senos paranasales y drenar la glándula lagrimal. Se determinó el tratamiento de acuerdo a los resultados de cultivo del seno maxilar. La evaluación clínica y las imágenes obtenidas 20 días después de la cirugía demostraron resultados exitosos. Es importante la evaluación de las complicaciones intracraneales de la rinosinusitis además de la necesidad de considerar una infección dental frente a una sinusitis maxilar. Por otra parte, es clave una evaluación exhaustiva de diagnóstico para planificar un tratamiento quirúrgico completo y efectivo, así como el tratamiento médico.

Infecção cervicofacial grave de origem odontogênica: relato de caso / Severe cervicofacial infection of odontogenic origin: case report

Introdução: as infecções odontogênicas tem como principal origem a necrose pulpar com invasão bacteriana no tecido periapical e periodontal, podendo levar à formação de quadros de celulite e posteriormente de abscesso, além disso, possuem o potencial de disseminar-se pelos espaços faciais profundos e comprometer a vida do paciente. Complicações graves, decorrentes dos quadros de infecções odontogênicas, podem ocorrer, se o tratamento instituído não for adequado, como: trombose do seio cavernoso, abscesso cerebral, mediastinite e até óbito. Objetivo: discutir o manejo das infecções odontogênicas disseminados em espaços faciais profundos, através do relato de caso clínico. Caso clínico: paciente de 52 anos, portador de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, com infecção odontogênica, no exame clínico inicial apresentava trismo, disfonia, dispneia, disfagia, hiperemia e edema em lado esquerdo da face, envolvendo os espaços canino, bucal, submandibular e cervical além de unidades dentárias com foco infeccioso. Em exame de tomográfica computadorizada, observou-se desvio da via área, presença de um grande volume de gás e de lojas de infecção. Optou-se como tratamento a remoção dos focos dentários e drenagem intraoral foi realizada pela equipe da CTBMF com anestesia local e posteriormente drenagem sob anestesia geral, intubação com uso de fibroscopia pela equipe de cirurgia cabeça e pescoço. Considerações finais: as infecções odontogênicas que envolvem espaços faciais profundos devem ser tratadas com urgência e o tratamento de escolha dessa condição deve ser remoção imediata do foco infeccioso, exploração e drenagem rápida e agressiva dos espaços faciais envolvidos e associação com antimicrobianos de amplo espectro com características bactericidas.(AU)

Introduction: the main origin of odontogenic infections is pulp necrosis with bacterial invasion in the periapical and periodontal tissue, which may lead to the formation of cellulitis and later abscess, besides having the potential to spread to the deep facial spaces and compromise the patient's life. Severe complications from dental infections may occur if the treatment is not appropriate, such as cavernous sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, mediastinitis and even death. Objective: to discuss the management of disseminated odontogenic infections in deep facial spaces through a case report. Case report: a 52-year-old patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with odontogenic infection, presented at the initial clinical examination trismus, dysphonia, dysphagia, dysphagia, hyperemia and edema on the left side of the face involving the canine, buccal, submandibular and cervical spaces. of dental units with infectious focus. CT scan revealed deviation of the airway, presence of a large volume of gas and infection stores. The treatment was chosen to remove dental foci and intraoral drainage was performed by the CTBMF team under local anesthesia and subsequently under general anesthesia drainage, intubation with fibroscopy by the head and neck surgery team. Final considerations: odontogenic infections involving deep facial spaces should be treated urgently and the treatment of choice for this condition should be immediate removal of the infectious focus, rapid and aggressive exploration and drainage of the involved facial spaces and association with broad-spectrum antimicrobials with bactericidal characteristics.(AU)

Resultados clínicos e imagenológicos en pacientes con rinosinusitis crónica odontogénica / Evaluation of clinical and imaging results in patients with chronic odontogenic rhinosinusitis

INTRODUCCIÓN: La rinosinusitis crónica odontogénica (RSCO) es un proceso inflamatorio/infeccioso de la mucosa nasal y senos paranasales (SPN) de origen dental. Corresponde a una patología subdiagnosticada en la actualidad. El gold standard diagnóstico es la tomografia computarizada. Los tratamientos difieren, desde tratamiento médico aislado hasta médico-quirúrgico de SPN o combinados. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar los resultados clinicos e imagenológicos de pacientes con RSCO en función del tratamiento recibido, para establecer recomendaciones terapéuticas. Describir la frecuencia de subdiagnóstico de esta patología. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico clínico e imagenológico de RSCO entre los años 2013-2017 en un centro de atención médico privado, a los que se realizó una tomografía computarizada cone beam de control. Fueron excluidos aquellos con rinosinusitis crónica, cirugía endoscópica funcional (CEF) previa, cáncer, embarazadas, rechazo a tomografía computarizada cone beam, ausencia de imágenes preoperatorias y menores de 18 años. RESULTADOS: De un total de 27 pacientes, en los operados de CEF (n =24; 89%) la resolución total de los síntomas se logró en 20/24 (83%), resolución parcial 3/24 (12,5%) y persistencia de los síntomas 1/24 (4%). Discusión: De los pacientes con RSCO 22/27 (81%) no tenían reportado el foco dental en el informe radiológico a pesar de ser visible. Aquellos pacientes con sintomatologia postratamiento, hubo factores identificados como la bilateralidad, mala dentadura general, falta de combinación de tratamiento dental y CEF. CONCLUSIONES: La CEF combinada con tratamiento dental concomitante, tiene un alto grado de éxito radiológico y clínico en esta patología. No fue posible demostrar si siempre es requerida la exodoncia con cierre de fístula oro-antral o si se pueden seleccionar pacientes para un tratamiento más conservador.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic odontogenic rhinosinusitis (CORS) is an inflammatory/infectious process of the nasal mucosa and sinuses of dental origin. Actually, it corresponds to an underdiagnosed pathology. The gold standard diagnosis is computed tomography. The treatments differ, from isolated medical treatment to medical-surgical sinuses or combined. AIM: To characterize the clinical and imaging results of patients with CORS according to the treatment received, to establish therapeutic recommendations. In addition to describing the frequency of subdiagnosis of this pathology. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Descriptive, retrospective study. Patients with clinical and imaging diagnosis of CORS between 2013-2017 were included in a private medical care center, to whom a cone beam computed tomography control was performed. Those with chronic rhinosinusitis, previous functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), cancer, pregnant women, rejection of cone beam computed tomography, absence of preoperative images and those under 18 years were excluded. RESULTS: Of all patients operated on FESS (n =24; 89%) the total resolution of the symptoms was 20/24 (83%), partial resolution 3/24 (12.5%) and persistence of the symptoms a 1/24 (4%). Discussion: 22/27 (81%) of patients with CORS had not reported the dental focus in the radiological report despite being visible. Those patients with post-treatment symptoms had identified factors such as bilaterality, general bad teeth, lack of combination of dental treatment and FESS. CONCLUSION: The FESS combined with concomitant dental treatment, has a high degree of radiological and clinical success in this pathology. It was not possible to demonstrate whether exodontia with closure of oroantral fistula is always required or if patients can be selected for a more conservative treatment.

Diagnóstico diferencial da sinusite de origem odontológica por meio da tomografia computadorizada / Differential diagnosis of dental sinusitis with the aid of computed tomography

O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar três casos clínicos com diagnóstico de sinusite de origem odontológica, ou síndrome endo-antral, um quadro inflamatório infeccioso de origem endodôntica que acomete dos tecidos e mucosa do seio maxilar adjacentes aos ápices radiculares.Os casos apresentados chamam a atenção para a dificuldade do diagnóstico apenas coma radiografia periapical e a importância da tomografia computadorizada como recurso auxiliar.

The aim of the current article is to report three clinical cases diagnosed as sinusitis of dental origin, or endo-antral syndrome, an inflammatory condition of endodontic infection origin that affects the tissues and mucosa of the adjacent maxillary sinus up to the root apex. The presented cases draw attention to the difficulty of diagnosis only with periapical radiography and the importance of computed tomography as an auxiliary resource.

Choque séptico por infecção odontogênica em paciente com diabetes melito tipo I / Odontogenic septic shock in patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um caso de paciente com diabetes melito tipo I descompensado e infecção odontogênica severa que, apesar do tratamento, progrediu para choque séptico e óbito. Os achados clínicos e laboratoriais, diagnóstico e tratamento são apresentados e discutidos. A sepse é uma condição potencialmente fatal que ocorre quando mediadores químicos da inflamação são liberados na corrente sanguínea para combater a infecção e iniciam respostas inflamatórias sistêmicas. A sepse pode progredir para sepse severa e, finalmente, choque séptico, uma condição com altas taxas de mortalidade e pode estar associada às infecções dentárias. Infecções odontogênicas podem se disseminar para os espaços profundos do pescoço, resultando em complicações graves, especialmente em pacientes com doenças crônicas imunodepressoras. Cirurgiões-Dentistas e médicos devem ter conhecimento dos sinais e sintomas associados à condição e devem considerar o diagnóstico de sepse em pacientes com infecções odontogênicas, uma vez que o reconhecimento precoce e tratamento efetivo podem prevenir a morte.

The aim of this study is to present a case of a patient with poorly controlled type I diabetes mellitus and severe odontogenic infection that progressed to septic shock and succumbed despite therapy. Clinical and laboratory findings, diagnosis and treatment are presented and discussed. Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when chemicals mediators of inflammation are released into the bloodstream to combat the infection and trigger inflammatory multi-system responses. Sepsis can progress to severe sepsis and finally septic shock, a condition with high mortality rates and may be associated with dental infections. Odontogenic infections can spread to deep neck spaces leading to severe complications, especially in patients with chronic systemic immunocompromised diseases. Dentists and physicians must be aware of the signals and symptoms associated with the disease and should consider the diagnosis of sepsis in patients with odontogenic infection once early recognition and effective management could prevent death.

Absceso cerebral odontogénico posraspaje radicular: informe de un caso / Odontogenic brain abscess after periodontal therapy: a case report

Objetivo: informar un caso de absceso cerebral odontogénico secundario a bacteriemia posraspaje radicular y revisar el tratamiento de esta patología poco frecuente. Caso clínico: un paciente de sexo masculino, de 57 años de edad, con antecedentes de diabetes tipo II mal controlada, fue intervenido mediante una limpieza gingival con cavitador ultrasónico, sin profilaxis antibiótica. A las 2 semanas, evolucionó con cefalea, fiebre y deterioro del sensorio. Al ingresar al hospital, se le realizó una resonancia cerebral que evidenció imagen compatible con absceso temporomesial izquierdo. Se efectuó la evacuación quirúrgica bajo guía estereotáxica y se rescató material purulento con cultivos positivos para Streptococcus milleri. Se indicó un tratamiento antibiótico con ceftriaxona y metronidazol. El paciente evolucionó con mejoría sintomática, sin déficit neurológico y sin lesión, según la imagen por resonancia magnética de control. Conclusión: los abscesos cerebrales constituyen una patología con alta morbimortalidad. Aunque el origen odontogénico es raro, es necesario evaluar a los pacientes con comorbilidades -como la inmunosupresión- y someterlos a prácticas habituales de bajo riesgo, a fin de minimizar probables complicaciones asociadas.

Desde la infección focal hasta la medicina periodontal / From focal infection to periodontal medicine

La participación de las bacterias de la cavidad bucal en la etiopatogenia de otras enfermedades puede ocurrir por medio de la migración de la propia bacteria hasta el foco de infección extraoral o por medio del establecimiento de un cuadro inflamatorio crónico que empieza en la infección ubicada en la boca. Evidencias científicas recientes sugieren que las enfermedades periodontales pueden interferir en la salud sistémica por medio de eses dos mecanismos, principalmente por medio de la liberación continua de diversos mediadores químicos y subproductos de la inflamación. Concentraciones plasmáticas elevadas de esas substancias durante periodos prolongados pueden influenciar el inicio o la progresión de otras enfermedades, como eventos adversos en el embarazo y enfermedades cardiovasculares. Este artigo presenta un breve histórico sobre la influencia de bacterias orales en la salud sistémica, desde la teoría de la Infección Focal hasta el concepto actual de Medicina Periodontal. Son abordados incluso los mecanismos de interacción entre la microbiota periodontopatogénica y la respuesta del hospedero.

The role of oral bacteria on the etiopathogenesis of other body diseases can occur through the migration ofthe microorganism to extra-oral infection site or by the establishment of a chronic inflammatory systemic environment from the localized infection on the mouth. Recent scientific evidences suggest that periodontal diseases might interfere with systemic health through these two mechanisms,mostly by the continual release of several chemical mediators and by-products of the inflammation. Highserum concentrations of these substances for prolonged periods of time might influence the beginning or the progression of other disorders, such as adverse pregnancy outcomesand cardiovascular diseases. This manuscript presents a brief historical perspective about the influence oforal bacteria on the systemic health, from the Focal Infection theory to the current concept of Periodontal Medicine. The mechanisms of interaction between periodontopathogenic microbiota and host response are also addressed.

Cerebral abscess caused byAggregatibacter aphrophilus

Aggregatibacter aphrophilus was previously known as Haemophilus aphrophilus and is a rare cause of disease in humans. A recent reclassification of these organisms has placed them in the new genus of Aggregatibacter species. The organism seems to be a normal component of oral flora and has been reported to cause endocarditis, sinusitis, pneumonia, empyema, soft tissue abscess, meningitis, vertebral discitis, and septic arthritis. Brain abscess due to Aggregatibacter is rare. We report a case of cerebral abscess due to Aggregatibacter aphrophilus and discuss the characteristics of this organism

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus; odontogenic orbital cellutitis

Although there are many causes of orbital cellulitis and odontogenic orbital cellulitis is a rare entity but it is quite common in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. We present small series of patients with odontogenic orbital cellulitis and review the devastating visual outcome in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. Purpose of this report is to highlight the significance of ocular complications of dental infections which if not tackled promptly can lead to blindness especially if the patient is an uncontrolled diabetic. This case series also stresses upon the importance of dental hygiene and the proper sterilization of the dental surgical instruments which is not given due consideration in the developing countries like Pakistan

Manejo agresivo en mediastinitis necrotizante descendente / Aggressive management in descending necrotizing mediastinitis

Mediastinitis necrotizante descendentes es una rara, pero letal infección de la fascia cervical con compromiso mediastínico. Debido principalmente a infecciones orofaríngeas, en especial patología odontogénica. El pronóstico depende principalmente del diagnóstico precoz basado en la alta sospecha cínica y la tomografía axial computada (TAC) temprana, y el posterior drenaje cervical y mediastínico agresivo, ya sea por toracotomía o videotoracoscopía. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 21 años, en la que un manejo quirúrgico agresivo, a pesar de no hacer un diagnóstico tan precoz, determinó un resultado favorable.

A clinical profile to assess the etiology of t.m. joint ankylosis.

A clinical profile to assess the etiologic factors on TMJ ankylosis, In this study an evaluation of 18 cases according to the age of onset, sex, etiologic factors, sides affected on the face and the type of ankylosis. This article strives to project a relationship between the etiology and clinical presentation of TMJ Ankylosis.